TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MECHANISMS AND THE ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY A GREEN METHOD

Objective: Industrial effluent is one of the most serious sources of water pollution, containing heavy metal ions, as well as organic compounds, synthetic dyes and toxic substances, which are difficult to remove using conventional biological treatment. Method: This article examines the effective role of nanoparticles manufactured using a green process, which we utilise in the treatment of this wastewater. It focuses on the physicochemical mechanisms involved in the adsorption processes employed, such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction, as well as entanglement, ion exchange and complex formation on the surface, in addition to oxidation and reduction reactions. It also discusses the effect of operational factors-such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and the initial concentration of the contaminant-on removal efficiency. Results: These studies confirm that green nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide, iron, silver and copper, are characterised by their large surface area , and a high density of active sites, which achieve high efficiencies in the removal of dyes and heavy metals, Novelty: whilst offering significant potential for improving environmental performance compared to conventional chemical methods